Sexual Crimes Committed Against Wsv Victims - 764 Words

The public display of sexual crimes committed against WSV victims has yet another aspect to compound the consequences of their rape and captivity. The associated media articles, almost always very detailed in nature, arouse issues in regards to the cultural notions of honor. In honor-based societies, such as the Yezidi community and many communities in Nigeria, women and girls carry a heavy burden of upholding the honor of the family, clan and tribe. One way in which honor is lost is through sexual relations outside the context of a family-approved marriage, whether consensual or through rape. The injury of rape among women and girls in an honor based society, is often compounded by violence related to her loss of honor and therefore family status. Honor killings in the Yezidi community have occurred in the past (Hague et al, 2013) and the fear is that not only will girls and women who return from ISIS captivity have the psychological and physical problems associated with sexual assault, but will be shunned or even killed because they are in violation of their community’s cultural standards. Nigerian women and girls are also at risk for so called honor killings and face many of the shame consequences of public shaming and being ostracized from their family and communities following rape (Caprioli et al, 2009). As there are a number of varied issues converging to produce the situation which is to be researched, the review of literature was wide. Literature was reviewed

The Conflict Of Religious Exchange Between Europeans And...

Over the past several decades scholars have struggled with the conflict of religious exchange between Europeans and enslaved African Americans. Jon Sensbach tells a remarkable story of Rebecca Protten a Caribbean descent. Born a slave in 1718, Protten had a childhood conversion experience, gained her freedom from bondage, and joined a group of German proselytizers from the Moravian Church. She embarked on a mission spreading black Christianity in the eighteenth century, and preaching to hundreds of the enslaved Africans of St. Thomas, a Danish sugar colony in the West Indies. Protten trying to insert faith into a slave society was challenging but her unique gifts and unending effort was a revolution in the African American Christian Community In Addition to Protten gaining her freedom and becoming an evangelist, in 1736, Protten met German missionary Friedrich Martin, who later became her mentor. Martin was a part of the Moravian church and had arrived to St. Thomas to preach the gospel. Protten occasionally visited Martin and his missionaries when they rented a house in St. Thomas. â€Å"She is modest, honest, and chaste before God, and has served her master and mistress with loyalty with sincerity.†(47) Martin’s quote implies that he believe Protten is an ideal spokesperson for Christ and a priestly woman of God. Protten immediately received the role helping Negro women. However trying to insert faith in African Americans was not easy. According to Sensbach, â€Å"ConvincingShow MoreRelatedObjectives Of European Colonization1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat were the objectives in European colonization? The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492. Some of their objectives included early conquests, claims, and colonies, early state-sponsored colonists, economic immigrants, religious immigration. 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These meetings were called the Covenant Chain. At Lancaster, British colonists forced the Iroquois to agree to land agreements, and they also forced the Iroquois to assist them in a war against the French, to which the Iroquois, like Onondaga orator Canassatego, were forced to say yes. Similar to the French and Spanish colonies, the British allied with Native Americans to gain power in North America. Meanwhile, many Native American groups groupedRead MoreEssay on Slavery and War2748 Words   |  11 PagesMidterm 1. What fundamental factors drew the Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World? There were many fundamental factors that drew the Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the World such as natural resources, overpopulation and religion. The European explorations have been hearing a lot about all the natural resources that the New World can offer to them. 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What Factors affect Britains climate Free Essays

Weather is different in every country even city. Climate is the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place. Through climate we can judge the type of fruit or vegetables that grow in a certain area. We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors affect Britains climate? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. Where as the American climate is good for growing bananas and Indian and Pakistani climate is perfect for mangoes. Britain is an island country and is surrounded by sea which gives it a varied climate. We never actually know what the weather will be like, one day it might be sunny the next there might be rain. As we have such a variable climate its hard to predict in general we have warm summers and cool winters our summers our cooler than other countries because we are surrounded by sea but our winters are milder. The main influence on Britain’s climate which are important are latitude , altitude ,distance from the sea, ocean currents and the prevailing winds. Latitude: Latitude is the position north or south of the equator measured from 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. If you are on the equator then your latitude would be zero. If you are near the north pole your latitude would be nearly ninety degrees north and if you are more to the south pole your latitude would be almost 90 degrees south. The further away from the equator you are the colder it is. Therefore when we compare the UK with a country such as Egypt, Egypt is always hotter because its more nearer to the equator than UK. As you can see on the diagram Egypt is more nearer to the equator than Britain and is therefore more warmer.(the diagram is not accurate jus a rough estimation of where the two countries may be) as one gets above tropic of cancer or Capricorn, the climate becomes milder, with warm summers and cold winters. This is known as temperate climate and this is what the UK climate is referred as. At points furthest away from the equator, the climate is colder and is called polar. Altitude: Altitude is the height above sea level, the higher we go the colder it gets altitude may be measured in units such as metres or miles but is usually measured in feet. When I say the higher you go the colder it gets a mere example is on top of mountain peeks, the peeks are way high up and it is much much much colder there and therefore the air there freezes into ice or snow. In Britain there are a few mountains but we are surrounded more by the sea and therefore the mountains don’t have a lot of effect in Britain. Other countries such as Nepal that have a lot of mountain ranges are very cold and I personally think its because of the mountains. The temperature falls by about 1 degrees for ever 100 metres above sea level. Distance form the sea: The sea is cooler than land during summer and warmer in winter because it conducts heat slower than land and cools down slower than land in winter. Land heats up faster than sea because its denser and has a bit of metal in it which is a very good conductor heat. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent. Distance from the sea has a great effect on Britain as you can see on the map that Britain is surrounded by water an therefore makes our summer cooler and our winters are much milder. Prevailing wind direction: prevailing wind direction means the direction wind comes from. Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas. Winds that blow to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa (a warm hot area) will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands (cold region) will be cold and dry in winter. Britain’s prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter. Because Britain’s wind comes from the south west this means it brings fairly warm air because it comes from near the equator. It also brings water vapour from the ocean(as it comes over the Atlantic ocean)- and that means more rain! Ocean currents: The North Atlantic Current (North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. Ocean currents can have a great effect on tempratures either reduce it or increase it. The main ocean current that affects UK is the gulf stream. The gulf stream is a warm ocean current in the north atlantic flowing from the gulf of mexico. The gulf of mexico has a higher temprature than uk because its more closer to the equator where as uk is more futher away near the north pole. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This is one reason why Britain often has wet weather. Some local factors affecting climate: There are some local factors which don’t have a major affect but do in a way affect all climate such as the two following;One place may be warm and dry because it is sheletered by hills whereas another place may unmasked to wind and rain. Also electronic things, cars leting of gas and central heating also give out heat. So therefore the city is made to be more warmer than the countryside. Air mass Some part of the world is hot some is cold. The result is that the air moves around- like the air in a cold building when you turn on the heater or even the cooker in the kitchen. The air moves around the world in huge blocks known as air masses. An air mass can be thousands of km across. It can be warm or cold or any temperature but depending on where it came from. If for example an air mass comes from the north pole and moves over to the UK there will be cold and dry weather if an air mass coming from the equator (a warm dry place) there will be warm weather. Often two different air masses will meet and clash over the UK which causes sudden changes in weather. Many different air masses cross Britain. That’s why our weather changes so fast but if an air mass stays very slow or stays in one place the weather stays the same for days. The weather does not change from day to day at the tropics and poles because they have the same type of air mass all year round. Conclusion: In conclusion, although many factors affect Britain some are more imporant than others. Like the direction in which the suns ray hit the earth (equator). How far away a place is from the equator (latitude) the height above sea level (altitude), the distance from the sea, the direction the winds come from and the ocean currents. But all of these are based on one major factor which I didn’t mention the SUN. How the sun affects us is affected by the rotation of the earth, latitude and cloud cover. Cloud cover is affected by the wind, another important factor, and the wind is affected by what it has passed over and altitude. Mountains redirect wind or force it up to form clouds if the wind has passed over a warm sea it will warm and wet, and if it has passed over a cold land mass it will be cold and dry. The sea have a huge impact on the land masses. Minor factors such as how built up a place is can have a big impact but in small areas, and lastly the ocean currents also is realted to which sea it came from then where about the sea is(maybe near the equator). So the sun to me is main factor which affects all climste including Britain’s but Britains climate is more or less linked with the factor; the distance from the sea which is as I mentioned before is realated to the sun in all ways. Where we live in britain (england) the temprature in winter is not much less than 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and in summer not much higher than 32à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in the summer. Also the weather her is damp and there may be lots of sudden changes. Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with February to march being the driest period and October to January the wettest. The Lake District is England’s wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimetres) of precipitation( different forms of water falling from the sky) each year. How to cite What Factors affect Britains climate?, Papers

Native Americans Indian Relations Shape the Areas of New England and New France free essay sample

The colonists’ policy toward the Native Americans had different origins and therefore different consequences. Much has been written about the encounter of these two cultures, which would sooner or later bring about a painful clash. Because of their so different cultures, only one would prevail. The colonists as a group, depending on their beliefs, had harsh policy toward Native Americans. Native Americans, on the other hand, structured their lives on beliefs, which had no common base ground with the colonists. As a clear example of this, Native Americans believed that no one owned the land, that the rich earth was abundant for all. As the colonies populated, harsher policies toward Native Americans arose, and the conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans isolated. Pennsylvania was the most the ideal colony. William Penn’s philosophy of pacifism made his colony a heaven of respect and tolerance for all. With the development of Pennsylvania, New England as a whole would come about. We will write a custom essay sample on Native Americans Indian Relations Shape the Areas of New England and New France or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of William Penn’s theories may not have been carried out to a full extent, but it did set structure and social implications; this represented a harsh contrast with the policy of other colonies toward Native Americans, and an even sharper contrast of non-English settlers toward Native Americans in areas such as New France. All this would establish a part of what would be the American identity. When the English king, Charles II gave William Penn, a Quaker, a grant of land, William Penn set out to establish the colony as a heaven that embraced his religious beliefs. Quakers believed that the Holy Spirit inspired all human beings, and thus, God did not make distinctions of race, gender, ethnicity or social class. Therefore, all human beings were equal. William Penn founded Pennsylvania on a social and political system of equality. Even before arriving in Pennsylvania, Penn wrote to the Delaware chiefs, to establish peaceful relations. He recognized the Indians as the rightful owners of the land. He kept all he promised to the Native Americans, such as street control of Indian trade, to always purchase the land from the local chiefs, and upheld his philosophy of pacifism and friendly relations. New England now played a vital role with the Native Americans. New France contained approximately seven million native inhabitants in 1500, from which it decreased; due to the disease introduced by Europeans. Very few Native Americans were employed, most as slaves. They were captured by contesting tribes during battles and later sold to French colonists. New France had a weak supervision over religion, so its population had no enthusiasm over it. The Church was always sending Jesuits on missions, some of the missions were very important, in order to convert Native Americans. Trading was another way in which they adopted the religion, and it also involved learning their language. Colonists also feared the Native Americans, especially when it had to do with Native Americans’ military power. French and Native Americans relationship was calm, because they based it on dialogues and negotiations. A contrast arose when New England’s policy toward Native Americans is analyzed. Religion was the most important factor when establishing these policies, Religions guides people in all regards, especially in how to relate with other groups. In the case of the Puritans and Pilgrims in Massachusetts and Virginia, there could be no frame left to live in equality terms with Native Americans. Contrasting sharply with Penn’s religious beliefs the Puritans believed that only a few were to be saved. Therefore, under these beliefs they established their policy toward Native Americans. In Virginia, the landowners first tried to enslave Native Americans, and have them work their fields as slaves; when they could not do this they militarized their colony, against what they assured would be potential attacks. The colonists used force to obtain land from the Native American tribes. To the Puritans, Native Americans were heathens, savages. As New Englands’policy toward Native Americans is harshly applied, a stage is set, where disagreements, violence, and even bloody vengeance will erupt. Trade is severely affected; relations between the colonists and the Native Americans shattered Native Americans on how their world was vanishing forever. This clash of cultures and defeat of the Native Americans culture would eventually lead to the domination of all Native American tribes by European settlers. Native Americans did not have many problems with French; they knew how to deal with their problem by dialogues and negotiations. This was not the only brave solution that influenced, because of the fact that there were not many French also helped. French also had its way of putting order over Native Americans, because they expressed their power by imposing slavery over Native Americans. In New England, poor Native Americans had to deal with the same issues only that here they were treated more violent. Native Americans were seen as savages and they took advantage of them by taking their lands by force. Tired of dealing with the same issues everywhere they rebel themselves, in to which the situation turned bloody and many lost their lives. Native Americans were eventually dominated. Everywhere they lived, slavery was waiting for them; they had to deal with the same problems everywhere. In some cases they had good relations but still had their disadvantages, but in others their life was rough. European interactions with the desperate Native Americans shaped areas such as New England and New France. These early turning points in history shaped our world today.

Frank Miller free essay sample

Miller was born in Olney, Maryland, and raised in Montpelier, Vermont. He was the fifth of seven children. His mother was a nurse and his father was a carpenter and electrician. His family was Irish Catholic. Miller was formerly married to colorist Lynn Varley, who colored many of his noted works from Ronin through 300 and the backgrounds to the movie 300. Miller and Varley divorced in 2005. He has since been romantically linked to New York-based Shakespearean scholar Kimberly Halliburton Cox, who had a cameo in The Spirit. Living in New York influenced Millers material in the 1980s. Miller lived in Los Angeles, California in the 1990s, which influenced Sin City. Miller moved back to Hells Kitchen by 2001 and started creating Batman. Miller is an American writer, artist, and film director best known for his dark, film noir-style comic book stories such as Batman The Dark Knight Returns, Sin City and graphic novels Ronin, Daredevil Born Again, Batman The Dark Knight Returns, Sin City, and 300. We will write a custom essay sample on Frank Miller or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also directed the film version of The Spirit, shared directing duties with Robert Rodriguez on Sin City and produced the film 300. When he first showed up in New York Miller showed up with a bunch of comics and samples of guys in trench coats by old cars and such. Comic editors said, Where are the guys in tights? He had to learn how to do it. But as soon as a title came along Daredevil signature artist Gene Colan left Daredevil, he realized it was his calling to do crime comics with a superhero in them. And so he applied for the title and got it. Millers debut on the title Daredevil, was the finale of an ongoing story written by Roger McKenzie and inked by Klaus Janson. Although still conforming to traditional comic book styles, Miller infused this first issue with his own film noir style. Miller became one of Marvels rising stars. Miller sketched the roofs of New York in an attempt to give his Daredevil art an authentic feel not commonly seen in superhero comics at the time. Daredevils New York, became darker and more dangerous than the Spider-Man New York he’d seemingly lived in before. New York City itself, particularly Daredevils Hells Kitchen neighborhood, became as much a character as the shadowy crimefighter. The stories often took place on the rooftop level, with water towers, pipes and chimneys jutting out to create a skyline reminiscent of German Expressionisms dramatic edges and shadows. However, sales on Daredevil did not improve, Marvels management continued to discuss cancellation, and Miller himself asked to be taken off the series because he disliked McKenzies scripts. Millers fortunes changed with the arrival of Denny ONeil as editor. Realizing Millers unhappiness with the series, and impressed by a backup story he had written, ONeil fired McKenzie so that Miller could try writing the series himself. Miller took over full duties as writer and artist. Sales rose so swiftly that Marvel once again began publishing Daredevil monthly rather than bimonthly just three issues after Miller came on as writer. The first appearance of the ninja mercenary Elektra, who despite being Daredevils love interest would become an assassin-for-hire. Millers work on Daredevil was characterized by darker themes and stories. This peaked when he had the assassin Bullseye kill Elektra, and Daredevil subsequently attempt to kill him. Miller and artist Bill Sienkiewicz produced the graphic novel in 1986. Featuring the character of the Kingpin, it indirectly bridges Millers first run on Daredevil and Born Again by explaining the change in the Kingpins attitude toward Daredevil. Miller and Sienkiewicz also produced the eight-issue miniseries Elektra. Set outside regular Marvel continuity, it featured a wild tale of cyborgs and ninjas, while expanding further on Elektras background. Both of these projects were well received critically. Elektra was praised for its bold storytelling, but neither it nor Daredevil had the influence or reached as many readers as Dark Knight Returns or Born Again. Miller finished his Daredevil career by this time he had transformed a down falling character into one of Marvels most popular. His first creator-owned title was DC Comics six-issue miniseries Ronin . This series shows some of the strongest influences on Millers style, both in the artwork and narrative style. In the early 1980s, Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DCs three biggest characters Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line called Metropolis and comics titled Man of Steel or The Man of Steel, Dark Knight and Amazon. However, this proposal was not accepted. In 1985, DC Comics named Miller as one of the honorees in the companys 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great. In 1986, DC Comics released Millers Batman The Dark Knight Returns, a four-issue miniseries. The story tells how Batman retired after the death of the second Robin, and at age 55 returns to fight crime in a dark and violent future. Miller created a tough, gritty portrayal of Batman, who was often referred to as the Darknight Detective. Released the same year as Alan Moores and Dave Gibbons DC miniseries Watchmen, it showcased a new form of more adult-oriented storytelling to both comics fans and a crossover mainstream audience. The Dark Knight Returns influenced the comic-book industry by heralding a new wave of darker characters. The trade paperback collection proved to be a big seller for DC and remains in print 25 years after first being published. In November 2011, Miller posted incendiary remarks pertaining to the Occupy Wall Street movement in his personal blog. Miller found the movement to be morally suspect and ignorant of Islamicism. Miller’s comments proved controversial, sparking criticism, including that from fellow comic creators including Alan Moore. In October 2012, Joanna Gallardo-Mills, who began working for Miller as an executive coordinator in November 2008, filed suit against Miller in Manhattan for discrimination and mental anguish, stating that Millers girlfriend and previous actress Kimberly Cox, created a hostile work environment for Gallardo-Mills in Miller and Coxs work space. According to the lawsuit, Cox smeared Gallardo-Millss work area with feces, destroyed her printer with a hammer, threw phones at her, left a used feminine hygiene pad by her desk, and made comments to her such as, I cant understand your funky accent. Speak fucking English. Gallardo-Mills says she was ultimately fired in September 2012 for complaining about Coxs behavior. Marvel editor in chief Jim Shooter recalled Miller going to DC Comics after being noticed with a small job from Western Publishing. He went to DC, and after getting let down by a man named Joe Orlando. He got in to see art director Vinnie Colletta who recognized talent and arranged for him to get a comic job. Millers first listed work is the six-page Deliver Me From D-Day, by writer Wyatt Gwyon. At Marvel, Miller would settle in as a regular fill-in and cover artist, working on a variety of titles. One of these jobs was drawing Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man, which guest-starred Daredevil. At the time, sales of the Daredevil title were poor but Miller saw something in the character he liked and asked editor-in-chief Jim Shooter if he could work on Daredevils regular title. Shooter agreed and made Miller the new artist on the title. During this time, Miller along with Marv Wolfman, Alan Moore and Howard Chaykin had been in dispute with DC Comics over a proposed ratings system for comics. Disagreeing with what he saw as censorship, Miller refused to do any further work for DC, and he would take his future projects to the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics. From then on Miller would be a major supporter of creator rights and be a major voice against censorship in comics. Fellow comic book writer Alan Moore has described Millers work from Sin City-onwards as homophobic and misogynistic, despite praising his early Batman and Daredevil work. Moore previously penned a flattering introduction to an early collected edition of The Dark Knight Returns. Batman The Dark Knight Strikes Again, a sequel to The Dark Knight Returns, received mixed reviews, while All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder in particular consistently received harsh criticism and was hailed as a sign of Millers creative decline. In addition, some of Millers works have been accused of lacking humanity, particularly in regard to the abundance of prostitutes portrayed in Sin City. In terms of his film work, Millers scripts for Robocop 2 and 3 were unsuccessful, while his 2008 film adaptation of Will Eisners The Spirit met with largely negative reviews After announcing he intended to release his work only via the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics, Miller completed one final project for Epic Comics, the mature-audience imprint of Marvel Comics. Elektra Lives Again was a fully painted graphic novel written and drawn by Miller and colored by longtime partner Lynn Varley. Telling the story of the resurrection of Elektra from the dead and Daredevils quest to find her, as well as showing Millers will to experiment with new story-telling techniques. The title, a mix of violence and satire, was praised for highly detailed art and Millers writing. At the same time Miller and artist Dave Gibbons produced Give Me Liberty, a four-issue miniseries for Dark Horse. Give Me Liberty was followed by sequel miniseries and specials expanding on the story of protagonist Martha Washington, an African-American woman in modern and near-future southern North America, all of which were written and drawn by Miller. In 1991, Miller started work on his first Sin City story. Miller wrote and drew the story in black and white to emphasize its film noir origins. Proving to be another success, the story was released in a trade paperback. This first Sin City yarn was rereleased in 1995. Sin City proved to be Millers main project for much of the remainder of the decade, as Miller told more Sin City stories within this noir world of his creation, in the process helping to revitalize the crime comics genre. Sin City proved artistically auspicious for Miller and again brought his work to a wider audience without comics. Written and illustrated by Frank Miller, 300 was a 1998 comic book miniseries, released as a hardcover collection in 1999, retelling the Battle of Thermopylae and the events leading up to it from the perspective of Leonidas of Sparta. 00 was particularly inspired by the 1962 film The 300 Spartans, a movie that Miller watched as a young boy. In 2007, 300 was adapted by director Zack Snyder into a successful film Miller started the new millennium off with the long awaited sequel to Batman The Dark Knight Returns for DC Comics after Miller had put past differences with DC aside. Batman The Dark Knight Strikes Again was initially released as a three issue se ries, and though it sold well, it received a mixed to negative reception. Miller also returned to writing Batman in 2005, taking on the writing duties of All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder, a series set inside of what Miller describes as the Dark Knight Universe. and drawn by Jim Lee. Miller has said he opposes naturalism in comic art. In an interview on the documentary Legends of the Dark Knight The History of Batman, he said, People are attempting to bring a superficial reality to superheroes which is rather stupid. They work best as the flamboyant fantasies they are. I mean, these are characters that are broad and big. I dont need to see sweat patches under Supermans arms. I want to see him fly. In 1991, Miller started work on his first Sin City story. Miller wrote and drew the story in black and white to emphasize its film noir origins. Proving to be another success, the story was released in a trade paperback. This first Sin City yarn was rereleased in 1995. Sin City proved to be Millers main project for much of the remainder of the decade, as Miller told more Sin City stories within this noir world of his creation, in the process helping to revitalize the crime comics genre. Sin City proved artistically auspicious for Miller and again brought his work to a wider audience without comics. Millers previous attitude towards movie adaptations was to change after Robert Rodriguez made a short film based on a story from Millers Sin City entitled The Customer is Always Right. Miller was pleased with the result, leading to him and Rodriguez directing a full length film, Sin City using Millers original comics panels as storyboards. The film was released in the U. S. on April 1, 2005. The films success brought renewed attention to Millers Sin City projects. Similarly, a film adaptation of 300, directed solely by Zack Snyder, brought new attention and controversy to Millers original comic book work. A sequel to the film, based around Millers second Sin City series, A Dame to Kill For, is in development Daredevil Born Again and The Dark Knight Returns were both critical successes and influential on a new generation of creators. Batman Year One was met with even greater praise for its gritty style.

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essay GENERAL INTRODUCTION PROS AND CONS There are both positive and negative effects ensuing from tourism.Positively it creates employment and economically enables the preservation of valuable infinite ; restrains a migratory inclination within the place population bettering their socio-cultural education.It encourages support of local commercialization ensuing in the free interchange of thoughts, imposts and sensitisation of issues refering the eco-environment.The decrease of working hours, the of all time present menace of unemployment because of technological promotion and the globalization procedure enables the touristry industry to supply an interesting and stimulating intensive option. Merely as important are the effects of the lifting cost of natural resources, H2O, energy.The spoilage of landscapes with land renewal ; lifting degrees of waste disposal ; changes to ecosystems ; the extinction of rare species of animate beings and workss ; the loss of traditional values and lifting degrees of harlotry, that is sex tourism.There is the narcotics trade, forest fires, together with the lifting cost of lodging. There are lifting degrees of C dioxide and other polluting gases from increasing frequences of airflights with ozone eroding and acid rain.All sorts of ecosystems are going affected.Thailand is littered with golf classs that consume big sums of pesticides and water.There is barely anyplace in the universe non affected by touristry impact.Tourism is an facet of globalization most sensitive to any repercussion.In the eastern part of Spain for illustration, Benidorm has a great concentration of hotels, suiting about half a million tourers in August within an country of little more than 12 kilometres.There is besides a big proportion of the population of many states who do non take part in tourer flows but who however will go portion of such flows with the outgrowth of new markets in Latin-America and Asia. NEGATIVE IMPACT AND DIVERSIFICATION There is no 1 clearly acknowledged method of analyzing the impacts of touristry and there are a figure of different standards for its measurement.Most surveies are able to expose the benefits generated and conducive to the balance of payments and deployed income supplied by the government.Yet few have included the analysis of negative effects.Negative economic impact has an consequence on the local graduated table with finishs enduring economically when dependant on tourism.Diversification if applied to the local economic system is able to positively change by reversal such effects with the development of tourer goods and services replacing the old additions from traditional activities.Yet there is breakability, with instability of all time present due to change of tourer paths, uneffective promotion, and influence from of all time altering tourer manners in response to seasonal fluctuation of production.An inflationary spiral often develops.This inflationary facet is sublimative wit h monetary values and revenue enhancements impacting the local population.It has no respect for anything existant before and it becomes obviously obvious in the escalation of nutrient monetary values and that of goods etc.Those who are straight involved in the industry experience improved benefit but non the local population. There occurs break of traditional productive sectors of capital finishs within countries of tourer development.Foreign capital is non limited to a local consequence as it leaves the having state thereby lending to a loss of currency.Some governments assert that for the long term, low possible productiveness from a tourer company has a depressive consequence on local economic growing. Possible rising prices may happen from tourer activity, the buying possible being greater than that of the resident population hence taking to intensifying monetary values for nutrient and services.There is loss of possible economic benefits with a high dependence on foreign capita l.resulting in deformation of the local economy.Concentration of economic activity becomes channeled into one type of activity, with a attendant fluctuating impact upon the degree of employment. Further FACTORS It appears that touristry development within a state relates to an premise of economic gain.Only touristry direction with its application of assorted methods and principals can find whether any economical addition will outweight the cost factor.There are staffing costs, operating expenses and public-service corporations to take into account.The determination to cut down costs to a lower limit might affect improved staffing Rotas, and energy salvaging programmes. Further POSITIVES There can be a figure of positive impacts of touristry such as lending towards a favorable balance of payments, facilitated competition with foreign banking, proviso of input to the GNP ( Gross National Product ) and the disbursement multiplier.Also there are occupation creative activity chances and increased grosss for the authorities from direct taxation.There are negative impacts including costs for substructure development ; and the over-dependence of the finish on tourers ; besides the facet of low skilled work. It seems clear there is a simple rule involved here, viz. that of minimising costs and maximizing profits.High escape is most likely to happen with multi national endeavors, where there is the demand to advance tourism.In order to make so at that place has to be importing of nutrient and drinks and capital engineering accompanied by repatriation of staff. A capital escape occurs as a consequence of capital investing for substructure from the host authorities. It may be a rgued that with restriction/control of such multi national endeavors there will be reduced capital escape, reduced repatriation, together with exchanging on of a multiplier consequence exciting more disbursement by the tourers in the local economy.Again problematic, there is the hiring of as many local occupants as possible for staff, guaranting proper salary degrees with proviso of preparation to back up publicity opportunities.With the ensuing decrease of staff repatriation at that place will happen an addition in the degrees of local staff wage and instantly lending to a multiplier consequence with the possibility of heightening the finish s socio-cultural aspect.Economic pick should be accompanied by discriminatory influence and counsel With the diminishment of seasonality there is a demand for professional selling expertness at finishs to increase the mean length of stay, the day-to-day outgo per caput.Yet really inquisitory rating is required here for such actions, while bring forthing economic benefits which may in fact injury the environmental, socio-cultural facets of the finish doing indirect costs. POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Social impacts once more consist of both positive and negative effects.Positively there is the recovery and preservation of cultural values that but for the visiting tourers would hold disappeared.Funds as a consequence are made available for saving of artifacts and Restoration of disregarded historical monuments.Local communities would be unable to supply such resources.Various tactics are applied in such privileged topographic points of tourer interest.Many local imposts have been revitalized and tourist resources are being made available for the reappearance of folklore, festivals, trade chases and gastronomy.There has occurred marked betterment in installations and services such as healthful, manners of conveyance, parks etc. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS However once more negative impacts exist.The immediate negative factor is that of the societal disparities between the autochthonal population and that of the visitors.For some finishs basically those to be found in the underprivileged states there is a sort of imperialistic relationship with the dwellers going retainers of the tourists.Inevitably there arises societal tenseness and resentment.A new sort of colonialism appears with dependence upon the foreign currency.Outside workers with better makings obtain the contracts.With such clear indicants of the socio-economic differences the negative impact takes effect.Gaming, increasing harlotry and drugs make their visual aspect where antecedently they had non existed.Tourist reachings are hence linked to such manifestations.Loss of culturization occurs as a consequence of such negative impacts.The local population observes the tourers and so seeks to accommodate to their imposts paving the manner for the devastation and disappearing o f the very thing that the tourers originally arrived for. DOXEY S IRRIDEX MODEL The socio-cultural consequence therefore becomes mensurable with mention to the offense rate.A direction method used to mensurate the degree of socio-cultural impact is Doxey s Irridex Model.The theoretical account has a four phase procedure wherein there are decreasing returns in the local dwellers attitude towards the visitors.Firstly there is the geographic expedition phase where contact between both parties is of frequent happening and here the attitude is referred to as euphoria.There is a welcoming of contact with the outside universe and there is the possibility of supplementing the household income as a consequence of such inflow.With increasing tourer reachings there occurs decreasing contact with the early arrivals.The tourers become portion of mundane concern concerns that transforms the initial attitude into 1 that seeks contact and affair for personal gain.Those occupants of such a finish develop an apathetic attitude to such affairs. A farther development of the theoretical account presents annoyance.The important influx of touristry disrupts mundane life with developing waiting lines experienced in the local stores, traffic jams.Local concern accommodates to souvenir publicity emanating a sense of disaffection to the local population.A elusive inbalance is happening subconsciously triping hostility towards the tourists.There is a loss of control within the community because they have now become dependent upon such tourer inflows.Destination installations as a consequence of increasing volume deteriorate and contribute to the attractive force of a down-market visitor.The tourers now become the focal point of incrimination for such developments.The increasing impairment in attitude becomes a mirror of contemplation and comparing of the consequence of such touristry inflow. Tourism AND DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT The touristry impact to the environment is the most negative aspect.Wholesale harm has been caused to big countries that will be really hard so to reclaim.Tourism, tourer activity as a phenomenon of mass flows requires significant substructure supported by intricate service networks.Careful planning has non ever been applied with a ensuing impairment of the natural and societal environments.There has been a transmutation of septic zones with the devastation of ecosystems ; decline in the quality and measure of H2O ; soil taint ; the extinction of many species of zoology ; terrible infection of vegetations, angling depletion and the taint of the sea. Destruction of ecosystems arises with a monolithic presence of visitors.Originally the mass inflow promised a get-rich-quick attitude.Those finishs with an image of a tourer Eden have become victims to ecosystem destruction.Natural clean H2O has been severly affected and reduced with tourer arrivals.In many cases the sum of tourers geting has been unsustainable to local resources.The many many golf classs and residential swimming pools all affect agricultural development and the zonary ecological balance. Soil taint arises in many cases with substances derived from human activity that alter the chemical environment and reduces harvest output. Many species of zoologies are going nonextant ; tree populations are going badly depleted ; there is unregulated city-planning, and uncontrolled runing showing an overpowering danger to an increasing figure of species.The mighty ocean s output of fish is going earnestly affected.Population along the seashores has mushroomed together with 2nd residences.To prevent an ecological catastrophe careful and superior planning is necessary ; beyond local expertise.An overpowering presence in the natural zones is affecting/impacting the vegetation in the same way.The presence of tourers in natural zones with a flood of featuring activity such as minibikes, mountain motorcycles, all land vehicles causes terrible eroding of surface land necessarily impacting the vegetation. Prospective Solution Are there solutions to such jobs? Or is tourism an impact generator progressing to disaster? A planetary entity that is attaching attending to such jobs and trying to carry through aims for a sustainable touristry is the European Union.The EU with its docket 21 has invited the local disposals to act.It recommends the undermentioned: Promotion of local production, offering ecological nutrients of the part incorporating no additives.Reduction of waste refuse and separation of the assorted classs for possible recycling.Usage of assorted engineerings to salvage water.Purification of residuary Waterss for irrigation and agriculture.The economy of energy with efficient rinsing machines, heat insulation.Respecting the environment and landscape.Promotion of public conveyance and bicycling.Establishment of prosaic zones in countries of historic value.The publicity of local touristry and the support to cut down air agendas of the flight industry thereby cut downing C emissions.Planning to ease contact between the sing tourers and the local dwellers but to discourage the formation of a ny touristry ghettos.Planning to profit all the local population. MAXIMIZE AND MINIMIZE All the factors noted above seem to propose that the chief purposes refering touristry direction scheme are to maximize economic, environmental and socio-cultural benefits but to understate associated costs. The physical and cultural environments comprise the indispensable attractive forces for the sing tourer to the destination.It is the duty of touristry direction to minimise environmental harm so ensuring hereafter business.There are a figure of methods that may be applied to decrease environmental impacts.Energy salvaging steps eg light bulbs, lavatory flowers, cleaning detergents that are environmentally friendly.The modification of visas thereby cut downing instantly the figure of visitors.Educational programmes of consciousness both for the visiting tourers and the locals.An addition in net income may ensue with the decrease of costs, applied to public-service corporations. Even if the restriction of visas does significantly affect net income it may be considered a better option so that there is still existing the possibility of future additions with the saving of the finish s natural resources that are at that place to pull the tourers in the first topographic point. TO CONCLUDE ; ; one of the chief ingredients for success of environmental policies is authorities engagement itself.Again it may be arguable there should be Torahs on land use and the extent of edifice building for the finish with the necessary substructure being installed to run into awaited volume of tourer flow together with protection of natural heritages. Tourism direction methods applied to help in maximising positives and understating negatives of impact for the socio-culture consist of educating about touristry ; publicity of cross-cultural exchange ; infliction of visitant codifications ; guaranting that locals have entree to cultural installations ; saving of local architecture ; care of genuineness ; supplying for the more sensitive cultural tourer with appropriate selling ; restriction of tourer Numberss. One principal that has gained attending is the transporting capacity assessment.It may be used to command and implement frontline sustainable tourism.There is a assortment of applications such as the finding of a touristry development bound for a peculiar topographic point and the restriction of existent visitant Numberss. Hopefully it attempts to accomplish sustainable touristry development as a working reality.It has non met with the awaited success because of unrealistic outlooks, faulty premises and misplaced value judgement with an unequal legal support system. It possibly has become clear to the reader that touristry direction should non work entirely in these affairs, but work together with local authorities and public bodies.Legal execution is a cardinal issue because if there is to be a limitation of visas for illustration at that place has to be assistance from such a quarter.Success strains success and so tourism direction and authorities will hum the same melody. The methods referred to above all have the same principal ; that of protection for the host finish instead than a focal point upon touristry demand.Obviously the demand has to be considered but it is the design of the tourer merchandise that should be the chief focus.Application of such principals referred to in the foregoing treatment will hopefully ensue in sustainable touristry for the hereafter.

Wal-Mart Business Model Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart Business Model - Case Study Example It set-up giant all-in-one stores in small towns which quickly gained patronage because of the service that Wal-Mart associates provide and customers are able to buy the products they need in one convenient place. Today, Wal-Mart is the world's largest retailer with $345 billion in sales, with more than 176 million customers per week visiting its more than 6,500 stores worldwide, 61,000 suppliers and providing more than 3 million American jobs. (walmartstores.com 2008) Wal-Mart's continuing success may be attributed to Sam Walton's foresight in including information technology in its business model to facilitate organizational innovation. As early as 1966, Walton was recruiting IT professionals from IBM to help him wire his company. This led to innovations in just-in-time inventory, choreographed logistics and warehousing. (Beckham 2002) Wal-Mart's business model mandates that it provides the products and services that customers would want to buy. With the company's enormous data warehouse which includes customers' purchases, Wal-Mart knows what its customer wants and "it provides merchandise and designs its stores according to customer preferences." (Felgner 2006) In support of its objective of customer satisfaction, through technology, Wal-Mart is able to process more than 20 million customers per day, with credit card approvals done in less than a second. (Scheraga 2004) In 2000, Walmart.com was founded. Aside from fostering the ideals of its parent company, its additional goal is to provide easy access to more Wal-Mart with "more than 1 million products available online" and innovative services such as Music Downloads and Photo Services which allow customers to order online and pick-up at the nearest Wal-Mart, all available to Wal-Mart's customers 24/7. (walmart.com 2008) In 2001, Wal-Mart worked with NCR for the design and deployment of kiosks in the stores to help customers scan in items for bridal and baby registries, an innovation to improve customer service. According to Walton, "People think we got big by putting big stores in small towns. Really, we got big by replacing inventory with information." (Beckham 2002) In its industry, Wal-Mart is acknowledged for its legendary replenishment and forecasting system which Ron Ireland, one of the people who built it, says is what "retailers are scrambling to do today what Wal-Mart achieved years ago." (Hickey 2006) Because of Wal-Mart's use of technology, its inventory accuracy is above 96% vs. 70% for other food retailers. Wal-Mart has improved in-stocks, reduced holding inventory, reduced manual intervention and achieved much greater profit margins, according to Ireland. (Hickey 2006) All these cut down Wal-Mart's cost of operations and contribute to lowering selling prices for its customers. With Wal-Mart's employment of technology and e-Business practices of integration and synchronization among connected players, it is able to achieve operational efficiency and revenue enhancement, according to Ralph Drayer, former vice-president of Procter & Gamble. (Hickey 2006) "Wal-Mart's success is due not just to computers, but many other things besides: the late Sam Walton's entrepreneurship; his strategy of avoiding early competition by 'putting good-sized discount stores into little one-horse towns which everybody else was ignoring"; his insistence on saturating one area with stores before moving on to the next; his drive to keep costs

Supply chain operations and concepts Research Paper

Supply chain operations and concepts - Research Paper Example his endeavor, the rise of the computer age has provided some tools that reduce the level of paperwork in the supply chain while it has also blown apart many of the preconceived ideas regarding territory and boundary. Now, not only are companies attempting to compete with regional and national firms, but must also fend off the advances of international organizations while attempting to gain footholds in new countries. This introduces differing sets of criteria for the supply chain manager including the production of products, governmental regulations or specifications and available technology or resources each of which must be addressed before a product can be offered in a new or old market. To help cope with these multiple concurrent concerns, operations managers and scientists have developed a wide range of strategy sets that are capable of addressing each concern independently or a variety of concerns concurrently depending upon the operation of the firm which is further defined by the type of product produced and the methods by which it is created and delivered. Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion and all logistics management behaviors. It also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers or customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Logistics management is the element of supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements (College of Business Administration, 2005). Many types of businesses and organizations most likely to employ supply chain managers include communication, consulting, military,

Critical summaries (language, culture& society) (langustics Essay

Critical summaries (language, culture& society) (langustics department) - Essay Example Starting from 60s, researchers indicated inequalities among students who attend Universities. At that time 80% were white students and only 10% were black students (Francis, Kelly and Bell, 1994). The main focus of this article is the role linguistic speech codes play in students’ performance. Bernstein differentiates between ‘restricted speech code’ of low class of students and ‘elaborated code’ which refers to students from higher class. Thus, a set of words used by the latter group of students is more flexible and meets the requirements of academic education. A further discussion refers to Deconstruction theory, which relates texts of the world as being reflected in our consciousness. The authors of the article make an attempt to argue to the existent scientific canon of approaches to relation of students’ performance and language codes. They claim about a necessity to develop heterogeneous students’ body set in the limits of â€Å"p eople's history and experience situated in geography of other identities, peoples, cultures, and then to study how, despite their differences, they have overlapped one another, and are mixed together† (Francis, Kelly and Bell, 1994). This article is a modern perspective on pedagogical challenge on a new role language plays in the education process. It is not an indicator of socio-cultural differences, but a facilitator to overcome these differences and to integrate them. Language and development   In the article â€Å"Model Standards for English Language Development: National trends and a Local Response† by Terrence G. Wiley and Elizabeth Hartung-Cole, current tendencies in English learning for non-native speakers of English are discussed. On the one hand, English standards developed on the international level take into account the issue of language diversity. On the other hand, this is not enough and it is relevant to develop standards especially for non-native speak ers of English. The issue of what language standard really means has been discussed by researchers for a long period of time. Nevertheless, a crucial importance of language standard can’t be questioned. The authors introduce a concept of ‘over-prespecification’ between the curriculum and learning process (Wiley and Hartung-Cole, 2002). This concept implies a necessity to take into account external knowledge and abilities of students. Current development of English standard should be conducted in a socio-cultural context. Therefore, the authors agree with the fact that administrative training of teachers and gaining proper background knowledge about non-native speakers of English are crucial for further development of English standards on national and on local levels. Not individual students and the level of their performance should be concernd, but heterogeneous body of students. These tendencies are caused by the world’s tendencies for globalization and o verall integration. Consequently, it is relevant to develop universal model standard efficient for native and non-native speakers of English. Multilingualism and Bilingualism   The article â€Å"Bilingualism, Cultural Transmutation, and Fields of Coexistence: California's Spanish Language Legacy† by Sara Garcia is of high relevance nowadays. Different nations tend to integration and successful coexistence. On the example of English Only programs in California a national attitude to bilinguals in America is discussed. A language behavior of Spanish/English bilinguals is developed under the

Briefly Describe The Term Operation Management Information Technology Essay

Briefly Describe The Term Operation Management Information Technology Essay Chapter 1: 1. Briefly describe the term operation management. The observation operations management relates to the management of methods or processes that produce goods or provide services. These procedures require planning, coordination, and execution of all actions that produce goods and services. It is also been described as the maintenance, control, and improvement of organizational activities that are required to produce goods or services for consumers. For the most part, Operation management has traditionally been associated with manufacturing activities; however, it can also be applied to the service sector. The measurement and evaluation of operations are usually undertaken through a process of business appraisal. Efficiency and effectiveness may be monitored by the application of ISO 9001 quality systems, or total quality management techniques (William, 2009, p. 4). 2. Identify the three major functional areas of business organizations and briefly describe how they interrelate. The three primary functions are operations, finance, and marketing. Operations are concerned with the creation of goods and services. This is done by making best use of the businesss staff, machinery, building and raw materials. Marketing is concerned with promoting and/or selling goods or services. They do this by maximize the level of sales by carrying out market research and promoting the goods or service through a motivated sales team. Finance is concerned with the provision of funds necessary for operation, have the task of producing the goods or service in the most efficient way. They do this by keeping a record of all money coming in and going out of the business. Last, they have responsibility for securing finances for future expansion and paying staff and suppliers (William, 2009, p. 4). 11. Why might some workers prefer not to work in a lean production environment? For the most part, workers do not like to work in a lean production environment because there are fewer opportunities for an employee to advancement within the company. Pursuant to a leaner production line, more workers become stress due to higher levels of responsibility. This is a result of fewer managers. Moreover, Workers also experiences larger variability and expansion of job requirements. This is where a worker is required to do more with less. Such cases of companies within the American auto industry have become lean to reduce cost and waste. Last, such cuts backs have allow the U.S. auto industry a second chance to be more competitive with other companies (William, 2009, p. 29). Chapter 2 6. Contrast the terms strategies and tactics. Strategy is the fundamental approach used by a company to attain its goal where tactics are the actions taken to accomplish strategies to carry out operations. The importance of strategies cannot be overemphasized an organizations strategies have a great impact on what the organization does to achieve its organizational goals. Strategies can be long-term, intermediate, or short term. In order to be effective, strategies ought to be designed to support the organizations mission and its goals. In contrast, tactics are the methods and actions used to accomplish strategies. They are more specific than strategies, and they provide guidance and direction for carrying out operations, high need detailed plans and decision making in an organization. Last, most consider tactics as the how to part of the process and operations as the execution part of the process (William, 2009, p. 43). 8. Explain the term time based strategies and give three examples. Time-based strategies are approaches that focus on lowering the time required to conduct the different activities in a procedure. The logic is that by curtailing the time, costs are generally smaller, productivity is larger, quality is improved, new products appear on the marketplace much earlier, and customer service is enhanced. Last, organizations have achieved time reduction in some of the following: Planning time: The time needed to react to a competitive threat, to develop strategies and select tactics, to approve proposed changes to facilities, to adopt new technologies, and so on. Product/service design time: The time needed to develop and market new or redesigned products or services. Processing time: The time needed to produce goods or provide services. This can involve scheduling, repairing equipment, methods used, inventories, quality, training, and the like. Changeover time: The time needed to change from producing one type of product or service to another. This may involve new equipment settings and attachments, different methods, equipment, schedules, or materials. Delivery time: The time needed to fill orders. Response time for complaints: These might be customer complaints about the quality, timing of deliveries, and incorrect shipments. These might also be complaints from employees about working conditions (e.g., safety, lighting, heat or cold), equipment problems, or quality problems (William, 2009, p. 51). 10. List some factors that can affect productivity and some ways that productivity can be improved. The factors that can affect productivity are methods, capital, quality, technology, and management. The various ways productivity can be improved. For instance, since, productivity measures all operations it helps to eliminate bottlenecks. Another improvement would be to solicit new ideas from workers that reduce unnecessary waste. Sometimes the formation of work teams helps a firm to be organized with their activities. A further improvement is the study other firms. From this, a firm can reexamine its work methods where it cans reestablishment new goals for improvement. Other features also include support from management, rewards, and publicize improvements, and lastly, it is significant not to confuse productivity with efficiency because productivity to an organization as a theory is concededly broader than efficiency (William, 2009, p. 59). William, S. J. (2009). Operations Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. page 35-36. Chapter 2: 6, 8,and 10,   page 61. These are due by Monday in the Discussion Board. Please have your responses to the questions submitted to the Discussion Board by DAY 5 Monday. This will give everyone the opportunity to discuss them before the end of Seminar 1. 2. Chapter 2 Case Study Paper Read the Case Study Home Style Cookies, found in Chapter 2, page 64-65. 2. What are two ways that the company has increased productive qty? Why did increasing the length of the ovens result in a faster output rate? The use of automation in the mixing process resulted in a reduction in waste; cookies are cut on a diagonal; and the company recently increased the length of its ovens (i.e., more cookies can be baked at the same time). 3. Do you think that the company is making the right decision by not automating the packing of cookies? Explain your reasoning. What obligation does a company have to its employees in a situation such as this? What obligation does it have to the community? Is the size of the town a factor? Would it make a difference if the company was located in a large city? Is the size of the company a factor? What if it was a much larger company? All companies have a moral obligation to their employees. Small companies with local owners, particularly in a small community, are more likely to be influenced by such considerations than large companies, in large communities, even with local owners, and even less likely to be influenced if owners are distant, or uninvolved in operations. The issue is a difficult one, often without easy solutions. Cost and efficiency may favor layoffs, but ill will and the effects on morale of employees that remain are important considerations. 6. What advantages and what limitations stem from the companys not using preservatives in cookies? By not using preservatives, the product probably appeals to health-conscious buyers, and there are fewer ingredients to purchase, store, and mix, but without preservatives, the shelf life is limited. 7. Briefly describe the companys strategy. The companys strategy is to provide a high quality (good food) cookie that appeal to a particular market niche. Then, respond to questions 2, 3, 6, and 7. Be sure to answer each of the questions posed (even if there are questions within questions).   Please send this  case study  via  the Assignments Link.   This assignment is due on Day 6 Tuesday. 3. Weekly Summary Please submit your Weekly Lessons Learned via the Assignments Link. Due no sooner than Tuesday and no later than Wednesday. NOTE:  ALL Weekly Lessons Learned (Weekly Summary) for Weeks 1 -6 must adhere to the following: Summarize what you have learned from the text reading, class discussions, assignments, etc.  You can even include (in addition to the aforementioned) how what you have learned each week has or can help you professionally.  Therefore, it should not be merely a listing of topics covered each week in your textbook.  Also, this assignment should be a minimum of 200 words. PARTICIPATION: Please submit at least 2 meaningful comments per day to the discussion board (for at least 5 of the 7 days of the week) to receive full participation points. ItemWeek 1 Discussion Questions Discussion Questions: Please respond to the Discussion Questions: Chapter 1: 1, 2, and 11, page 35-36. Chapter 2: 6, 8,and 10,   page 61. These are due by Monday in the Discussion Board. Please have your responses to the questions submitted to the Discussion Board by DAY 5 Monday. This will give everyone the opportunity to discuss them before the end of Seminar 1. >> View/Complete Assignment: Week 1 Discussion Questions ItemWeek 1 Case Study Paper Chapter 2 Case Study Read the Case Study Home Style Cookies, found in Chapter 2, page 64-65. Then, respond to questions 2, 3, 6, and 7. Be sure to answer each of the questions posed (even if there are questions within questions).   Please send this  case study  via  the Assignments Link.   This assignment is due on Day 6 Tuesday. >> View/Complete Assignment: Week 1 Case Study Paper ItemWeek 1 Lessons Learned Weekly Summary Please submit your Weekly Lessons Learned via the Assignments Link. Due no sooner than Tuesday and no later than Wednesday. >> View/Complete Assignment: Week 1 Lessons Learned ItemWeek 1 Particiption Please do not post anything here.   I will post your points earned for participation this week.   Please refer to the course Syllabus for information on how participation points are earned.

Capital Punishment is Revenge, Not Justice Essay -- Anti Capital Punis

Capital punishment is the government’s way of legally killing criminals. In our society, there are strict laws against killing people, so why is the government allowed to get away with it, and call it lawful? â€Å"As an American I wanted to explore... why are we the only first world country that still has capital punishment? Is it because we're too afraid to really examine the system, or is it because we really truly believe that this is the best way to deter future crime† asks Jodi Picoult, a renowned American author. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is a sentence given to criminals of the most despicable crimes. As a person, it’s easy to quickly judge and condemn someone for their wrongdoing, but the laws that govern this country prohibit murder, and yet, the leaders of this country break those laws every time they sentence someone to death. Eighteen states have already abolished the death penalty; it’s time for the rest to follow suit, and lock the convict away in a maximum security prison for the rest of their life. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty, 1,231 prisoners have been executed, with each death costing at least 3.5 million dollars. That's 4.31 billion dollars that could've been spent on bettering the impoverished cities that most criminals come from. The cost of capital punishment is so high due to the lengthy process that is required for the criminal's pre-trial, actual trials, one judging the innocence of the defendant and one for their punishment, both of which usually have twice the amount of defense lawyers and the equivalent of prosecutors, and the fact that capital punishment cases generally last 3-5 times longer than a typical murder case according to Richard C. Dieter, the... ..." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 08 Nov. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2013. †¢ Marceau, Justin, and Megan Healy. "The Costs of Colorado's Death Penalty." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 20 Nov. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2013 †¢ Motluk, Alison. "Execution by Injection Far from Painless." Execution by Injection Far From Painless. NewsScientist Health, 14 Apr. 2005. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. †¢ Picoult, Jodi. "Jodi Picoult." Thoughtjoy. Thoughtjoy, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. †¢ Reggio, Michael H. "History of the Death Penalty." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. †¢ Rogers, Simon. "Death Penalty Statistics from the US: Which State Executes the Most People?" Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 21 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. †¢ "States With and Without the Death Penalty." Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.

Non Probability Sampling Method Which Is Judgement Sampling Accounting Essay

The research design for our survey is utilizing the quantitative method. Bcox the bulk of information needed for our research is derived from figures, Numberss acquired from one-year studies and expressions.Population and sampling processsNon-probability trying method which is judgment trying. Judgment sampling is a signifier of purposive trying whr the research worker ‘s judgement is used in choosing the sample ‘s elements. We will analyse the one-year studies of the companies from yearaˆÂ ¦ ground of the period is bcox the latest amendment on FRS Population that we hav chosen in the research undertaking consist of all companies listed in chief boardaˆÂ ¦ Main board companies were chosen as our population bcox handiness and credibleness of informations and their higher influence in Malaysia economic system. The followerss samples choice standards are set to guarantee the completeness of informations and truth of consequence: must be a listed companry prior to twelvemonth 2005. no alterations in fiscal twelvemonth terminal during 2005aˆÂ ¦ must non be PN4 and PN 17 companies Companies will be classified as PN 4 and PN 17 cmopanies when the external hearers hav expressed inauspicious or disclaimer sentiment on their latest audited Air Combat Command, confronting inability to supply a solvency declaration through Practice Note 1/2001 or due to the suspension or ceased of all or a major portion of its operations. must non be investing keeping companies, existent estate investemnet keeping companies and fiscal establishments bcox their nature of game or operation is significantly diff from the other industries. Must hav complete one-year studies during the sample periods.Data aggregation methodWill utilize secondary informations which is one-year studies collected from Osiris database. From one-year studies, we will roll up informations on net gross revenues, EBIT, EBITDA, mkt value, entire assest, entire debt, figure of sections the house diversifies. Share monetary value based on the companies ‘ fiscal twelvemonth terminal will retrieved from Yahoo! Finance web site ; the figure of outstanding portions will be retrieved from one-year studies to calculate market value of house. In one-year study, look into segmented coverage subdivision to place the figure of sections the company has and besides to obtain the info on the section gross revenues, EBIT and plus. SIC codifications are for digit.. All companies have their ain registered SIC codification, so will sort into several industries based on 10 industries provided in www.siccode.com ( list of industries is attached in appendix ) . Fan and Lang ( 2000 ) said that to capture the relatedness, if two industries do non portion the same two- , three- or four-digit SIC codification, they classify it as unrelated and frailty versa. If all sections in a house portion the same 2-digit SIC codifications, this house will be classified as single-segmented house ; If a house ‘s sections do non portion the same 2-digit SIC codifications, this house will be classified as multi-segmented house.Operationalisation and measuringDetermine whether CD will increase or diminish steadfast value, we apply method used by BERGER and OFEK ( 1995 ) to happen the extra value for each house in our sample. The definition of extra value is existent market value of the house ( measuered as mkt value of equity plus book value of debt ) minus entire imputed value of that house ‘s industrial sections measured as stand-alone entities. Next, compute the extra value for single-segmented houses to compare with multi=segmented houses in our analysis subsequently. For a individual – metameric house, he imputed value for that one section is tantamount to the imputed value of the whole house. Based on this method, signle-segmented houses within a peculiar industry are used as benchmark to calculate an imputed value step of the same industrial section of a multi-segmented house. We calculate the imputed value of each section of a multi-segmentd house by multiplying the average multiple of entire capital to accounting point ( assets, gross revenues, or EBIT ) of all signle-segmented houses in the same industry for that peculiar twelvemonth with that section ‘s degree of acc point ( aˆÂ ¦ ) . We use acc point such as section ‘s salesaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ calculate the gross revenues multiplier, EBIT multiplier, and plus multiplier in order to cipher imputed values and later house ‘s extra value. The amount of imputed values of a company ‘s sections estimates the value of house if all of its sections are operated as stand-alone game. Formula! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Formula! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Natural logarithm is used to avoid prejudice that could originate with absolute value measuring graduated table. Example, to calculate extra value utilizing the gross revenues multiplier, we multiply the industry average multiple of capital-to-sales for the stand-alone houses in the sections ‘ industry by the sections ‘ gross revenues to obtain imputed capital of the section. We repeat this procedure for each of the house ‘s sections, and so sum to obtain the house ‘s imputed value. Finally, we find the fim ‘s extra value by taking the natural logarithm of the raito of house ‘s entire capital to entire imputed value. One extra issue that arises with EBIT step is how to handle sections with negative EBITs whr multiplier attacks don non tyhpically assign negative imputed value to a house ‘s section with negative net incomes. We address this issue by replacing the EBIT multiplier imputed value with the section ‘s gross revenues multiplier imputed value. As for the computation of the average multiplier, negative EBIT sections are excluded in the computation. Finally, if there is a positivie extra value, it indcates that Cadmium addition house value as a whoel beyond that of their stand-alone opposite numbers. On the oteh manus, a negative dxcess value indicates that Cadmium reduces steadfast value as a whooe. Reason we use the theree multiplier attacks alternatively of merely gross revenues multiplier bcox there were some empirical grounds that showed that segmental reported gross revenues were undependable ( BODNAR, TANG, & A ; WEINTROP, 2003 ) . Givoly, Hayn, and D'Souza ( 1993 ) assess the quality of section coverage and concluded that ascribing value straight from current profitableness of section would be more straight linked to house ‘s value compared to segmental reported gross revenues and assets. Theoretical theoretical accounts of managerial revelation determinations suggest that directors may hav inducements to misstate section informations to both suppliers of capital and merchandise market rivals ( BERGER & A ; OFEK, 1995 ) . Their ability to misstate depends on the discretion directors have to apportion dollars between sections. Since section assets must be specifically identifiable with the section for which they are reported, there is small discretion to misstate the m. Directors do hav some ability to apportion gross revenues, and greater discretion to apportion disbursals, so EBIT multiplier ansd gross revenues multiplier were more vulnerable to use than ascribing section ‘s value from plus multiplier. Therefore, we report consequences for all three multipliers to better truth.Data Analysis MethodDescriptive StatisticssDS which describe the basic characteristics of the informations and supply simple sum-ups about the sample and steps to analyse our informations bcox it shows and represents our research informations distribution in a more reasonable manner. In our research, we prepare a drumhead statistics for distribution of house ‘s extra value steps derived from theree diff multiplier attacks for single-segmented houses and multipsegmented houses. We report the mean, average, manner, standard mistake, standard divergence, sample discrepancy, kurtosis, lopsidedness, and scope and assurance degree for all the companies for 3 old ag es. Besides, we analyze the figure of single-segmented houses and multi-segmented houses for all the samples for 2 old ages ; it is illustrated in the saloon chart. Furthermroe, we anlaysze the per centum of sectors in overall samples ; we illustrate it by utilizing a pie chart. This is to place which sector is more popular in Malaysia. All descriptive statistics willb e prepared harmonizing to observations over the period signifier aˆÂ ¦.. in order to hav more penetrations and to execute tendency analysis. Based on the DS, we hav found out that our consequence is non usually distributed. Hence, non-parametric trials will be used to prove on our research objectives to avoid consequences organize being biased due to outliers. dream because you can here, you are perfect anything is possible its the least you can make so travel on woolgathering a?se†¡?a ·Ã‚ ±cs„ ¦a? § a†º aa? aa »? ae?â„ ¢e†¡?ia? c §z?cs„ia ®?c?Zcs„ ?†°Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ °aeeaecs„ e?â„ ¢a? a?†ea?scs„ ?†°Ã‹â€ a »?ia °Ã¢â‚¬ ¦cs„ ¦a? § a? «?†?aia†¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¡?†¢?a? °c »Ã‚ §c »Ã‚ ­a’?a?sa? § a? §i a†º aa? aa »?i

Alienation in T. S. Elliots The Love Song and Preludes Essays

Alienation in T. S. Elliots The Love Song and Preludes Essays Alienation in T. S. Elliots The Love Song and Preludes Paper Alienation in T. S. Elliots The Love Song and Preludes Paper â€Å"Alienation is defined as emotional isolation or dissociation from others it is the feeling of not belonging† The theme of Alienation is explored in both TS Eliots, The love song and Preludes and it is explored though many poetic techniques including repetition and animal imagry. In both of these poems the persona is alienated from himself and from society. One of the ways that the poet explores alienation is though the use of imagry. He compares him to a cat, an insect stuck to the wall and a crab. This in turn is him degrading him to the level of an animal which is seen as inferior to a human being. For example in line 58 he compares himself to an insect stuck on the wall â€Å"When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall. † One of the similarities between the love song and preludes is the theme of the vacant towns. These vacant towns are how the character sees himself with the other people in the world, as if everyone else is socialising while he is stuck in a â€Å"vacant lot. † In the poem the love song it deals with the personas alienation from women but in Preludes it deals with Alienation from society in general. â€Å"One thinks of all the hands that are raising dingy shades in a thousand furnished rooms. † This quote shows the uniformaty of society which alienates everyone in the city because of the lack of individuality. Both of the poems also deal with repetition to increase the sense of alienation. In the poem the love song the character delays his meeting and this is shown by the poet though repetition of â€Å"And indeed there will be time. The repetition in Preludes is that the ending is the night time like the beginning. This repetition shows the reader the lonliness of the characters and the repetitive life with no sense of change. Repetition is also used in this poem to convey that the alienation is casued by the persona and not the people around him. â€Å"In the room the women come and go talking of Michelangelo†. This is used twice in this poem to highlight his insecurity. In both these poems the poet various techniques are used to convey the theme of alienation.

Understanding Forest Basal Area

Understanding Forest Basal Area The cross-section area of the stem or stems of a plant is generally expressed as square units per unit of the area it is growing on. This volumetric description is a ratio of the trees cross-sectional area at DBH to the total area and called basal area or BA.  It is used by forestry professionals to determine percent stocking levels of trees in a given area.  For shrubs and herbs, it is used to determine phytomass. Grasses, forbs, and shrubs are usually measured at or less than 1 inch above soil level. For trees: the cross section area of a tree stem in square feet commonly measured at breast height (4.5 above ground) and inclusive of bark, usually computed by using DBH or tallied through the use of basal area factor angle gauge  or a factored prism. Pronunciation:  baze-ul area (noun) Common Misspellings:  basel area - basil area Basal Area, Do the Math Basal area factor is the number of units of basal area per acre (or per hectare) represented by each tree. The formula for basal area (3.1416 x DBH2)/(4 x 144). This formula simplifies to: basal area 0.005454 x DBH2 0.005454 is called the foresters constant, which converts inches into square feet. The basal area of a 10-inch tree is: 0.005454 x (10)2   0.5454 square feet (ft2). So, 100 of these trees per acre would calculate out a BA of 54 ft2.  or a count of just over 5 trees per angle gauge count. Basal Area as Used in Forestry BA is a measure of the capacity of certain stands of trees to increase annual ring growth. The factors of ring growth have a genetic component but are influenced by all biotic, physical and chemical factors in that particular environment. As stands of trees develop, BA increases as it approaches full stocking, the upper limit of a forest to grow increasing wood fiber. So, basal area measurement can be  used to determine a sites ability to grow a forest tree species accumulated over the tree age in years. As BA increases over time, measurements shown on growth curve graphs indicate a slowing in growth according to species growth and yield charts. Timber harvests are then made to reduce the BA to a point where remaining trees regain the ability to maximize growth toward a final, mature, valuable forest product. Basal Area and the Timber Harvest BA is not a  volume calculation  but the measurement can be used by foresters in determining volume using statistical tree stem occurrence and is an important tool for a timber inventory or timber  cruise. In the same vein, a basal area tree count tells a forester how occupied or crowded a forest site is and assists in making harvest decisions. In managing a commercial forest as even-aged stands, you are forcing one distinct age class to be maintained through the harvest cycle (three or more harvests). These stands are often regenerated by using clearcut, shelterwood, or seed tree cutting methods  and require the right basal area beneficial to each method. A clearcut forest is usually replanted or artificially seeded and has no measurable BA.A shelterwood harvest may leave a tree stocking level as high as  40 sq.ft per acre  10 factor BA.  A  seedtree  harvest may leave a tree stocking level as high as  20 sq.ft per acre  10 factor BA. There are many stocking guides that reflect density for even-aged stands (also called stocking charts). These guides assist the forest manager in determining if the forest is stocked with too many trees (overstocked), too sparsely stocked (understocked), or adequately stocked (fully stocked).

Blood formation and maturation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blood formation and maturation - Assignment Example On the fourth day, normoblast is formed containing about thirty-five percent of the hemopoietic of a full red blood cell, and mostly the nucleus disappears at this point. From the fifth to the seventh day, the reticulocyte matures and the synthesis of the hemopoietic is increased. The outline of the red blood cell gets attained at this point, and the cells still contain the ribonucleic acid. On the eighth day, the red blood cell is mature without the ribonucleic acid, and no synthesize of the hemopoietic (Leach, 2015). Leukocytes are separated into two types the granulocytes and the agranulocytes (Leach, 2015). These types are further categorized into the lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophil. Leukocytes with the exception of the lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (Leach, 2015). In early development like the case of embryos, white blood cells are formed in the yolk sac and later on in the spleen and lymph nodes. After the development of the bone marrow, most of the white blood cells are formed in it. However, maturation gets left to take place in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes (Boundless 2,

As instruction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

As instruction - Case Study Example SirsiDynix has worked on almost all types of library systems which include government, public and academic (Vista Equity Partners, 2013). As mentioned above the library pays a fee to make use of the services provided by the software. Moreover the library is also charged for any maintenance work that is carried out on the system. Sirsi is used to perform a number of functions for the library which include circulations, online cataloging, keeping records of subscriptions and acquisitions of various books from different sources (Vista Equity Partners, 2013). The transaction processing system is broken down into a number of modules. Some of these modules collaborate with each other to accomplish various tasks. For example the circulation module and the cataloging module are connected to each other to help locate books when needed. To access the journal articles the library makes use of software known as link resolver that allows students and professors to access various journal articles. The link resolver module tries to determine if an institution owns a resource that the user is trying to access. If the institution does not own that resource the link resolver tries to determine if the institution has the rights to access that particular resource. Once verification is completed the link resolver redirects the user to the resource using a particular URL link (ExLibris SFX, 2012). The URL link resolver provides a scholar portal that connects the all the libraries of the regional universities and provides information on the journals available at a particular university library. Universities are allowed to borrow journals from each other without any additional charges. The headquarters of the portal are situated in University of Toronto. Orders at the library are recorded manually by the library staff. The faculty records all their academic requirements with the staff of the library these requirements include books, journals and any other resources that may be needed by the faculty. These requests are put in by the faculty using a form. Once all requests are made by the faculty the library draws up a budget for purchasing these resources. Each book is purchased from the vendor one at a time. Recently the library has started purchasing books online mainly from Amazon.com. Business process model for a library: Opportunities / Threats Opportunity/threat chart: Threat identified Issue Recommendations Dependency on the software Siri The system largely depends upon the software Siri. An error in any of the modules could halt operations Availability can be a problem Implement a Transaction Processing system as back up to handle all the processing that takes place at the library’s desk IMS by IBM can be implemented within the library system IMS provides high availability and can work with large volume of data Lapse in security Library systems are easy targets for hackers. Unauthorized access could extensively cause damage the data It could even t ake the library offline Install windows

Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision Making - Assignment Example In this step, one should be weary of confirmation bias, which makes one ignore incoming information because they have already decided what is best. The narrator states that dilemmas might make it hard to make decisions, as one might find themselves stuck in cyclical indecisiveness. External and internal pressure might cause one to resort to the following: make impulsive decision or delay or avoid decision-making process. The narrator outlines the following decision making skills, which help ease the decision making process: Neuromodulators such as serotonin play a crucial role in influencing the decisions we make. Therefore, the narrator suggests that it is best to make decisions in the morning compared to making them in the afternoon, as serotonin levels are higher in the morning. Decisions made later in the day are more risk-averse, as one tends to gravitate towards the status-quo bias. This leads to indecision, as many opt to postpone making the decisions. Decisions trigger anxiety within the individual tasked with the decision-making responsibility, as one is constantly evaluating whether they considered all the relevant factors prior to making the decision. It is easier to make a decision solely compared to making a decision after considering other people’s different perspectives. The narrator uses the example of dictatorship and democratic regimes whereby, he claims the latter are plagued with decision-making

What Is Philosophy Essay Example for Free

What Is Philosophy Essay Philosophy is integrated into every individual’s life. This essay will analyse the differences between Western, Chinese and Indian traditions. It will evaluate what it is that constitutes a valid philosophical enquiry and investigate different branches of philosophy. It will also look into the ways in which philosophy is utilised in contemporary society and the ways in which language impact on philosophy. Greco-Roman tradition originally came from Greek and Pagan culture, later gaining influences from other cultures. When the belief in the actual existence of Gods and Goddesses died, reasons needed to be provided for human existence, the purpose of life, and the problems of living in a civilisation. This saw the Greek philosophy grow and the traditions main issue was to define and describe human life and conditions. The tradition later became known as Western tradition, as the Greek’s and Roman’s used ideas from other cultures and ingrained them within their tradition. This still remains a key feature of Western tradition today. There are few surviving original sources of the tradition, preserved by Catholic and Orthodox monasteries, despite their differences to Christian teachings. The influences from Western tradition are key features in society today. It provided reason and science which can be seen as the ground works for technology and science today. â€Å"From the Greco-Roman period came respect for the rule of law, the idea of natural law, and, for its day, toleration of religious beliefs. † (Pappas, 2005) If anything was so prevalent in society today it would be that thought. The ability to live among others with different beliefs but still all follow the same laws is a necessity in todays society. The Western tradition taught us to question who we are and respect individuality, a teaching which lives on to this day. Dissimilar to Western tradition, which looks to define human life and conditions, the Chinese traditions main aim is to keep harmony at all times. Confucius was China’s most famous philosopher. â€Å"The most important thing to Confucius was Jen, or human kindness, love of man. Jen is the ideal feeling of warmth, kindness, dignity, and respect that should develop between two people. † (Powell, 2000, p. 95) The Chinese tradition is one of practicality, therefore the importance of logic is paramount. Logic sees that everything is subject to change, and that opinions and beliefs are of their time and place. Differing to the Western tradition, the Chinese took few ideas from other cultures, highlighting the desire for China to remain separated from other societies. It did however, take influence from Buddhism, but even this was adapted to suit Chinese culture. The Chinese tradition believes that to remain harmonious is of more importance than finding the truth. Followers of Chinese tradition may not see it fit to unburden themselves of their woes onto others as this is not harmonious. Arguably the oldest surviving tradition, Indian tradition aims to eliminate unhappiness and create nirvana, the cessation of suffering. Unlike the Western tradition, both the Chinese and Indian combine philosophy and religion. Indian tradition however does so more harmoniously by combining them both equally. Because of this, Indian tradition is compared to a Banyan tree, with its deep roots and tangled canopy representing the intertwining of Indian philosophies and religions. Buddhism is originated from India. This philosophy believes in karma, that what you are reincarnated as is a reflection of your past life. From a cynical point of view, it could be seen that followers of Buddhism are kind only to protect their reincarnation, and that it is not a selfless act they are carrying out, just one which will benefit them in their next life. It is important that all philosophical enquiries are valid so correct outcomes are produced. There are many elements that constitute a valid philosophical enquiry. It must not be biased or favour one side. It must be non-emotional and it must be able to bring together the deductive and inductive methods of reasoning. It is arguable that for the enquiry to be valid it would need to be proven. This may not be the case and it could be believed that it would just need to not be disproved. For example, it has not been proved that God ever existed, however it has not been disproved. Therefore, the question as to whether there is or was a God, is a valid philosophical enquiry. A valid philosophical enquiry should only be based on evidence and not include feeling or opinion. The final conclusion of the enquiry should then be interpreted and evaluated. No hasty predictions should be made as it should be based just on fact. Descartes provides his process when producing a philosophical enquiry in Discourse on Method. (See appendix 1) There are many different branches of philosophy. Romanticism is originated from 18th century Germany. Romantics react negatively to what the modern world does to people, for example the effects modern day technology have on human interaction. Jean-Jacques Rousseau marked the way for the Romanticism movement as he â€Å"believed that civilisation was a corrupting influence on people, who are instinctively good † (Kindersley, 2011, p. 144) Romantics are very much against the dehumanisation of the modern world where technology replaces people. A romantic might argue that the self-service check outs provided at most supermarkets have a negative effect on human interaction as there is no need to communicate with people face to face now when shopping. Romanticism links with another branch of philosophy, Environmentalism. This philosophy is concerned with keeping the planet green. Environmentalists, like Romantics, are concerned with the developments happening in society and the effects they could have on the planet and those within in the future. In complete contrast to Romanticism and Environmentalism, The Enlightenment is another branch of philosophy. It also originated in 18th century Western Europe but is closely allied with science. It challenges the rule of religious superstition and tradition and uses science to provide most, if not all, of the answers. It sits well with the development in human beings and their surroundings. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that moves with the times. As society, religion, and politics move forward, so do the ethics within those institutions. It is perfectly possible that the ethical issues one experienced in their upbringing could totally differ from those they experience in their adult life. Ethics is a system of values where certain things are â€Å"right† and certain things are â€Å"wrong†. Abortion is a subject that has always been surrounded by moral and ethical issues. (See appendix 2, BBC, 2013) Until 1967, abortion was illegal in England. This however, does not mean it did not happen. In the 1950’s, when abortion was still illegal, mothers carrying unwanted babies would seek non medical personnel to carry out abortions. This was highlighted in a recent episode of Call the Midwife, a drama series based on the personal experiences of an East End midwife in the 1950’s, where a mother had an illegal abortion which lead to her contracting septicaemia. (‘Episode 5’, 2013) Times have clearly moved on, and today abortions are far more available and medically safe. But that does not mean that the ethical views of some have changed with the times, regardless of whether the law has changed. It is important to consider teleological and deontological theories when dealing with ethics. Teleological theorists believe that it is the end result of an action that determines whether the action was good or bad. Deontological theorists however, believe that each action in itself is good or bad, regardless of the consequences. (Harrison-Barbet, 2001, p. 186) There are many ethical issues raised in the arguments against abortion, one of the main being that killing an innocent human being is wrong. (BBC, 2013) This is a deontological argument. It is arguable as to when you consider a foetus a human being. Is it at the conception stage when it is simply a collection of cells, or is it when the heart begins to beat and when the brain starts to function? At around 18-22 weeks a foetus acquires sentience, the awareness of pleasure, pain and perception. As it stands, abortions can be carried out on females up to 24 weeks into pregnancy so ethically one could argue that carrying out abortions this far through in pregnancy is wrong. (Lacewing, 2010) Arguing from a potential perspective creates further questions as to whether contraception is as wrong as abortion. People who oppose abortion may argue that although the foetus may start off as just a collection of cells, it has the potential to become a human being who has the right to life. Therefore, even using contraception is wrong as it prevents the potential of life. Pro-abortionists however may argue that potential means that something does not yet exist so why treat it with the same ethical values as something that does exist. (Lacewing, 2010) Pro-abortionists would also argue that the pregnant female has moral and ethical rights and these may outweigh the foetus’ rights. This could be the case if the female was a victim of rape and would suffer mentally and emotionally if they went through with the pregnancy, or if the continued pregnancy could have detrimental effect on the female’s health. In conclusion, abortion faces many ethical issues from both pro and opposing viewpoints. It is a subject that cannot be determined as right or wrong by science or philosophy. In the end, the most important viewpoint that should be considered when making such a decision is the pregnant female. The impact of language on society is a lot more prevalent than one may assume. Umberto Eco believed that we learn through our knowledge of languages, and that translating between one language and another is not just about comparing them both, but interpreting them in the ways they were written, based on culture. The philosophy of language looks at what the nature of meaning is. John Searle explains that language is crucial in the understanding of human life, and to look into human characteristics without language would be impossible. (YouTube, Unknown) Language is what distinguishes human from animals, the ability to understand the concept through language, which would not be possible through just observation. The development of language continues through time. Words used in an offensive manner now, were often used many years ago in day to day language. In Gloria Bertonis’, Stone Age Diva, she talks about the word ‘cunt’ and how its original meanings of woman, queen, and female genitalia, should evoke pride in females and that the word should not offend. It encourages females to reclaim words that have been used as weapons against them and recapture them for their positive qualities. (Bertonis, Date unknown) Such a word would once have just been used to describe a part of the body, like head or knee, but the context in which it is now used has turned it into a derogatory term. Semiotics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. Clear examples of this are apparent every day. The letter ‘M’ presented in such a way is no longer just the letter but also an expression for McDonalds. The same applies to the letter ‘f’, which is now universally seen as a symbol for Facebook. Therefore, applying philosophy to language gives the language itself a whole new meaning. It is not just the letter and words that need to be taken into account, but also the context in which it is received. â€Å"A paradox is a statement that contradicts itself or a situation which seems to defy logic. † (Unknown, 2012) The liar paradox is a clear example of this. If one were to say they are lying, and were truly doing so, then they are actually telling the truth. (See appendix 3, Unknown, 2012) There are four primary paradoxes (see appendix 4). This essay will discuss knowability paradox. This is the recognition that some truths are not currently known but that they are all knowable. This means that we as a world do not know everything, so truths that may be proven in the future, could make what we consider as known truths today untrue. (Salerno, 2009) An example of this could be developments in medical science. With the constant developments in medicine, something we thought we knew as true 50 years ago, may now prove to be untrue because of new medical knowledge. In conclusion, it is clear that all individuals use philosophy in day to day life, whether they are aware of it or not. Philosophy aids us in learning more about ourselves and the world, which is what humans naturally strive for. It helps us be reasonable, which is a characteristic which helps one fit in to society and live among others who may be different. It also helps us be moral and ethical, as discussed previously in this essay. Without morals and ethics we would have no guidance as to what is right and wrong. Therefore, the world would not be as it is today without philosophy, and may be a much harder world to live in without it. ‘Episode 5’ (2013) Call the Midwife, Series 2, episode 5. BBC One Television, 17 February BBC. (2013). Ethics Guide. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from BBC: http://www. bbc. co. uk/ethics/abortion/philosophical/introduction. shtml Bertonis, G. (Date unknown). Say It! The Origins of Cunt. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from vdaysunyoswego: http://vdaysunyoswego. worldbreak. com/custom2. html Harrison-Barbet, A. (2001). Philosophy. New York: Palgrave. Kindersley, D. (2011). The Philosophy Book. London: Dorling Kindersley. Lacewing, M. (2010). Philosophy for A2. Oxon: Routledge. Pappas, J. (2005, September 24). Our Greco-Roman Heritage. Retrieved March 2, 2013, from Liberty and Culture: http://libertyandculture. blogspot. co. uk/2005/09/our-greco-roman-heritage. html Powell, J. (2000). Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc. Salerno, B. B. (2009). Fitchs Paradox of Knowability. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/fitch-paradox/ Unknown. (2012). Famous Paradoxes. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from BrainDen. com: http://brainden. com/paradoxes. htm YouTube. (Unknown). John Searle on the Philosophy of Language: Section 1. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from YouTube: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=jOlJZabio3g.